The mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), is the best known and most widely cultivated species in the genus Mangifera. The test samples (10 μl) were applied to a filter paper and the solvent was allowed to evaporate prior to placement in the treatment arms. Observations on the time spent and number of entries into each arm were recorded using Olfa software (F. Nazzi, Udine, Italy). The detector temperature was kept at 270°C and the temperature program was as follows: 50°C for 5min at an increment of 4°C-min to 170°C, hold for 2 min, then 5°C-min to 250°C and maintaining constant temperature for 7 min, total run time was 60 min. Therefore, these two chemical cues, cis-ocimene and 3-carene are important attractants and involved in host location of B. dorsalis [42]. A fused-silica capillary column VF-5MS (Factor four) (Varian, USA), with 30 m × 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 mm film thickness was used for the analysis. Introduction. Error bars = Standard error of mean. Fruit fly behavioral responses were studied for headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit in the four-arm olfactometer (dual choice bioassay) as described by Kamala Jayanthi et al. (eds. Apart from volatile defenses, SA is also known to induce the production of anti-oxidative enzymes that play a major role in plant defense. 4 0 obj Semiochemicals have become a valuable tool for monitoring and suppression of pest populations in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. (a) Catalase; (b) Peroxidase and (c) Polyphenoloxidase activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) treatment of mango fruit (cv. Healthy fruit without any scars at harvest were selected (randomly from two trees), rinsed with tap water and left to dry before use. The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912), is a member of the Tephritidae (fruit flies) family. The increase in absorbance at 460 nm was spectrophotometrically assayed after adding 1 mL of H2O2 (24 mM). Studies indicated that oriental fruitfly, Bactrocera dorsalis damage was reduced to 4.6 by harvesting fruits at physiological maturity stage as compared to 10% in fully ripe dropped fruits of Dashehari on June 22 and 8% to 4% in Bombay Green. <> (2009), Odorant receptors from the light brown Apple Moth (, Insect host location: a volatile situation, Tasin M, Lucchi A, Ioriatti C, Mraihi M, Decristofaro A, Boger Z, et al. A secondary objective was to estimate final seed surface temperatures required for efficacy for B. dorsalis in mango. Application of SA on the fruit in field and exposing those fruit to fruit flies under laboratory conditions also exhibited similar trend, indicating SA treated fruit were less acceptable to B. dorsalis. (2014a), Specific volatile compounds from mango elicit oviposition in gravid, Electroantennographic bioassay as a screening tool for host plant volatiles, Schmelz EA, Carroll MJ, LeClere S, Phipps SM, Meredith J, Chourey PS, et al. Catalase activity [48] was determined with minute modifications by adding 0.1 mL of crude enzyme to 2.9 mL of 40mM H2O2 (dissolved with 50mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) as a substrate. Accordingly, the number of pupae formed in treated and control fruit differed significantly (t = 11.93, df = 6, P = 0.0001) (Fig 6a). The reaction mixture consisting of 0.5 mL of crude extract, 2 mL of guaiacol (100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.4 and 4 mM guaiacol) was incubated for 5 min at 30°C. It is thought to be an introduced species in Yunnan Province, China, where it causes severe damage. A single gravid female B. dorsalis was introduced into the central chamber through a hole in the top of the olfactometer. %µµµµ The authors duly acknowledge the constructive comments of the anonymous reviewers and editor which immeasurably improved the manuscript. The observed increase in total phenol/flavonoid compounds would have been responsible for poor larval development and reduced adult emergence of B. dorsalis [66]. 5.0.1) for Mac OS X. Mangoes treated with SA (1 mL of 2 mM solution per fruit, n = 6) were exposed to gravid B. dorsalis for oviposition at different post SA treatment time intervals viz., 1, 2, 3 days after the spray. Exogenous treatment of SA to host plants, induced defense and modified the behavior of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch [25,26]. However, use of host plant defense pathways that can be switched on or primed by exogenous application of phytohormones is not explored in mango. Post hoc analyses employing Bonferroni correction revealed that the numbers of oviposition punctures and eggs per puncture were significantly less in SA treated fruit irrespective of post SA treatment time intervals [1 day (oviposition punctures: t = 3.78, P<0.01; eggs per puncture: t = 4.67, P <0.001), 2 days (oviposition punctures: t = 3.67, P <0.01; eggs per puncture: t = 2.86, P <0.05), 3 days (oviposition punctures: t = 4.50, P <0.01; eggs per puncture: t = 4.20, P <0.01)] (Fig 2a and 2b). This species complex forms a group within the subgenus Bactrocera and the name may therefore be cited as Bactrocera ( Bactrocera ) dorsalis . Bactrocera carambolae are a polyphagous species which infects over 100 different host plants, including avocado, guava, mango, papaya and orange, among several others. Error bars = Standard error of mean. Greany PD, McDonlad RE, Shaw PE, Schroeder WJ, Howard DF, Hatton TT, et al. Phenolic content in the host fruit affects the fruit fly development [64, 65]. This is the first time we show that the SA induced changes in mango fruit affects the attraction of female Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis. PHYTOPHAGOUS insects use chemical cues emanating from plants to orient to their food hosts while plants ward off herbivory again through use of chemicals. This inter-play between chemicals is an interesting area of chemical ecology. In the present study, the decline in catalase activity and its associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation would have been further affected the B. dorsalis larval growth in SA treated fruit endorsing previous studies that report post SA treatment enhancement in antioxidative defense systems [69], and the inhibition of catalase activity in tobacco plant, and cherry fruit [70,71]. Isolation and identification of host cues from mango, Skelton AC, Cameron MM, Pickett JA, Birkett MA (2010). The components were separated on VF-5 capillary column, (Varian, USA) (30 m × 0.25 mm I.D. Finding a suitable host for oviposition is crucial to all phytophagous insects [51] and olfaction plays an important role in enabling the host plants recognition [52, 53]. •Mango is produced in as over 50,550 Ha where a total of 705,195 Metric tons, valued at Kshs11.71 billion was produced in 2017. The Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis is a major pest on mango causing huge losses to farmers all over world and the pre-harvest management of fruit flies involves several strategies viz., male annihilation, methyl eugenol traps, proteinaceous food baits, and insecticidal cover sprays to minimize the losses at farm level [74]. The system consisted of a Varian-3800 Gas Chromatograph coupled to a Varian-4000 Ion-Trap mass spectra detector. The injector temperature was set at 260°C and all injections were made in split mode (1:5). The SA treated and untreated mango fruit (n = 3; 1g in 20 mL) were extracted with methanol (80%). Volatiles were collected from fruit for 24 h and the Porapak Q columns were eluted with 750 μl of redistilled diethyl ether. The Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis from a laboratory colony was reared on banana (cv. The protein concentration of the supernatant was determined using Lowry’s method [47] with bovine serum albumin as a standard. Received 2014 Sep 4; Accepted 2015 Sep 9. However, no significant difference was noticed between treated and control arms for number of entries made by gravid females (P > 0.05) (Fig 4b). Prior to experiment, all glassware was washed with liquid detergent, rinsed with acetone and distilled water and baked in an oven overnight at 180°C. Economic Injury Level of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), on Commercial Mango Farms in Manica Province, Mozambique African Entomology publishes original research and communications on entomology, with an emphasis on the advancement of entomology on … Briefly, fresh (unexposed to fruit) gravid females (30 flies/ cage) were released into five oviposition cages and allowed to acclimatize for 30 min. Kamala Jayanthi Pagadala Damodaram, Ravindra Mahadappa Aurade, [...], and Abraham Verghese. Mango growers in Southern Ethiopia are faced with the severe challenge of controlling mango fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. Keywords Mango, Mangifera spp, Mangifera casturi, Mangifera lalijiwa, Bactrocera dorsalis, mango relative. Methanol extracts were mixed with FCR reagent and the subsequent intensity of color development with 20% sodium carbonate reagent was measured at a wavelength of 700 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Beckman DU64, Switzerland). Total flavonoids present in the samples were determined as described by Chun et al. Decreased number of punctures and eggs were recorded in SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit. Our results showed reduction in oviposition by B. dorsalis in SA treated fruit as the number of punctures and eggs were significantly reduced compared to untreated fruit. The time spent and number of entries, significantly differed between untreated to treated fruit. The extract was concentrated to get a final volume of 10 mL. Studies have demonstrated that insects use precise ratios of volatiles for host location [2,4]. You may notice problems with Briefly, methanol extract was mixed with 0.3 mL of 5% NaNO2 followed by 0.3 mL of 10% AlCl3. Previous studies involving … Further, we tested for biochemical changes between SA treated and untreated mango fruit. 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