The Baltic receives much more water by rainfall, discharge of rivers, &c., than it loses by evaporation; hence a surplus must be got rid of by an outflowing current which may be named the "Baltic Stream." In the area, the former seabed is only gently sloping, leading to large areas of land being reclaimed in what are, geologically speaking, relatively short periods (decades and centuries). The northern part of the Baltic Sea is known as the Gulf of Bothnia, of which the northernmost part is the Bay of Bothnia or Bothnian Bay. Lithuania was the last European state to convert to Christianity. Much shipbuilding is carried out in the shipyards around the Baltic Sea. In recent decades they have become less frequent. [68], Other notable megafauna include the basking sharks. In Sweden, the sea was then referred to as Mare Nostrum Balticum ("Our Baltic Sea"). East of Lubeck, as far as the mouth of the Oder, these give place to Bodden, ramified openings studded with islands: the structure here resembles that of Scania in southern Sweden, a region once joined to both Denmark and Pomerania by an isthmus which was severed by tectonic movements. The 1974 Convention entered into force on 3 May 1980. ", "Sturmfluten an der deutschen Ostseeküste", "Hydrogeography and oxygen in the deep basins", "The Baltic Sea: Its Past, Present and Future", "Land Use and Population Density in the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin: A GIS Database", "UFO at the Bottom of the Baltic Sea? The name Baltic Sea became dominant only after 1600. [32] Even as far south as Øresund, remnants of ice have been observed in May on several occasions; near Taarbaek on 15 May 1942 and near Copenhagen on 11 May 1771. Consequently, the surface area and the depth of the sea are diminishing. It enters into all the deep coast channels, and into the Christiania fjord, but it is not always found in the deep channels of the Kattegat. The general circulation is anti-clockwise: northwards along its eastern boundary, and south along with the western one .[36]. After the unification of Germany in 1871, the whole southern coast became German. According to recent computations the total area of the Baltic, including the Skagerrak and Kattegat, is 166,397 sq. The waves of the Baltic are usually short and irregular, often dangerous to navigation. Cruise the Baltic Sea. Dr R. Sieger has traced a series of isobasic lines, or lines of equal rate of elevation, for portions of Sweden and Finland; these indicate that the movement is now almost nil along the axial lines of the Baltic and the Gulf of Finland, but increases in amplitude northwards to the Gulf of Bothnia and in the direction of the main ridge of the massif of southern Sweden. It is possible that Pliny refers to an island named Basilia ("the royal") in On the Ocean by Pytheas. Aarno Voipio (ed., 1981): "The Baltic Sea." At the bottom of the Bornholm Basin, deeper than 80 m (260 ft), the temperature typically is 1–10 °C (34–50 °F), and at the bottom of the Gotland Basin, at depths greater than 225 m (738 ft), the temperature typically is 4–7 °C (39–45 °F).[27]. Starting in the 11th century, the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic were settled by migrants mainly from Germany, a movement called the Ostsiedlung ("east settling"). You can see where they join together and clash with each other, but the water will mix quite easily. In the north, above the Aland Islands, the Baltic Sea is referred to as the Gulf of Bothnia. The circulation in the channels connecting the Baltic proper with the North Sea is of a complex character. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2002. [20] From 1872, there exist regular and reliable records of water levels in the Baltic Sea. At its southern end the Kattegat is blocked by the Danish islands, and it communicates with the Baltic proper by narrow channels called the Sound, the Great Belt and the Little Belt. Tacitus in his AD 98 Agricola and Germania described the Mare Suebicum, named for the Suebi tribe, during the spring months, as a brackish sea where the ice broke apart and chunks floated about. World War I was partly fought in the Baltic Sea. In the Gulf of Finland the sea is closed to navigation by ice for about 150 days in the year; but navigation is rendered possible throughout the winter by the use of ice-breakers. After this period of subsidence the process of elevation set in which gave the Baltic its present form and physical condition, and appears to be still in progress. In the 13th to 16th centuries, the strongest economic force in Northern Europe was the Hanseatic League, a federation of merchant cities around the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Since 1720, the Baltic Sea has frozen over entirely 20 times, most recently in early 1987, which was the most severe winter in Scandinavia since 1720. Pliny mentions an island named Baltia (or Balcia) with reference to accounts of Pytheas and Xenophon. Since 1980 it has been much less frequent, although a very large inflow occurred in 2014.[27]. [38], In contrast, the salinity of the Danish straits, which connect the Baltic Sea and Kattegat, tends to be significantly higher, but with major variations from year to year. 2. After this, strong southern winds pushed the ice further into the north, and much of the waters north of Gotland were again free of ice, which had then packed against the shores of southern Finland. These strata are practically stagnant, deficient in oxygen and surcharged with carbonic acid. In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Poland, Denmark, and Sweden fought wars for Dominium Maris baltici ("Lordship over the Baltic Sea"). [29] Frequently, parts of the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland are frozen, in addition to coastal fringes in more southerly locations such as the Gulf of Riga. Sweden's defeat in the Great Northern War brought Russia to the eastern coast. 2020 Baltic Sea Departures This is a reduction from the 25 incidents representing 1,110 kg (2,450 lb) of material in 2003. Instead of a true sea, the Baltic can even today also be understood as the common estuary of all rivers flowing into it. Plans to artificially oxygenate areas of the Baltic that have experienced eutrophication have been proposed by the University of Gothenburg and Inocean AB. Since the end of World War II, various nations, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States have disposed of chemical weapons in the Baltic Sea, raising concerns of environmental contamination. The Kiel Canal is a 98-kilometre-long freshwater canal in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. It is then cut into by the estuaries of the Vistula, the Pregel and the Memel. However, even the most diverse sections of the Baltic Sea have far fewer species than the almost-full saltwater Kattegat, which is home to more than 1600 species from these groups. It might be connected to the Germanic word belt, a name used for two of the Danish straits, the Belts, while others claim it to be directly derived from the source of the Germanic word, Latin balteus "belt". According to the 18th-century natural historian William Derham, during the severe winters of 1703 and 1708, the ice cover reached as far as the Danish straits. Cetaceans in Baltic Sea have been monitored by the ASCOBANS. [64] Now extinct Atlantic grey whales (remains found from Gräsö along Bothnian Sea/southern Bothnian Gulf[65] and Ystad[66]) and eastern population of North Atlantic right whales that is facing functional extinction[67] once migrated into Baltic Sea. They bombarded Sveaborg, which guards Helsinki; and Kronstadt, which guards Saint Petersburg; and they destroyed Bomarsund in the Åland Islands. Of the nations containing all or part of the basin, Poland includes 45% of the 85 million, Russia 12%, Sweden 10% and the others less than 6% each.[41]. The aim of the present paper is to review current knowledge about the water exchange. Rystad, Göran, Klaus-R. Böhme, and Wilhelm M. Carlgren, eds. In spring, the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia normally thaw in late April, with some ice ridges persisting until May in the eastern extremities of the Gulf of Finland. Protect the Baltic Sea while it's still not too late. The Baltic Sea is the main trade route for the export of Russian petroleum. The "Baltic Sea anomaly" refers to interpretations of an indistinct sonar image taken by Swedish salvage divers on the floor of the northern Baltic Sea in June 2011. The remainder of the Sea is brackish, poor in oxygen, and in species. It connects the White Sea, in the Arctic Ocean, with Lake Onega, which is further connected to the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is positioned in Northern Europe and bordered by Sweden (a part of the Scandinavian Peninsula), Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, northeastern Germany, and eastern Denmark and its numerous islands. [27] For example, the common starfish and shore crab, two species that are very widespread along European coasts, are both unable to cope with the significantly lower salinity. A marginal sea of the Atlantic, with limited water exchange between the two water bodies, the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish Straits into the Kattegat by way of the Øresund, Great Belt and Little Belt. Jordanes called it the Germanic Sea in his work, the Getica. The Kattegat is bounded on the north by the Skagerrak, a deep inlet of the North Sea that separates southern Norway from northern Jutland. [38] The water surplus caused by the continuous inflow of rivers and streams to the Baltic Sea means that there generally is a flow of brackish water out through the Danish Straits to the Kattegat (and eventually the Atlantic). However, the processes that are of major importance are quite well known. Between Stockholm and Visby navigation usually ceases at the end of December and begins again about the 10th of April. The Baltic Sea drainage basin is roughly four times the surface area of the sea itself. The grey seal is adapted to reproducing also with no ice in the sea. All the waters which enter the Skagerrak or Kattegat as undercurrents can be found at the surface of the North Sea. In the Bothnian Bay, roughly two-thirds of the species are freshwater. Environmental experts and marine biologists warn that these ammunition dumps pose a major environmental threat with potentially life-threatening consequences to the health and safety of humans on the coastlines of these seas.[72]. It is connected with North Sea through Kattegatt, Øresund, the Great Belt and the Little Belt. The southern margin of the. The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal. The part of it west of a line joining the Skaw with Christiania fjord receives the name of Skagerrak; the part east of this line is called the Kattegat. This channel is usually included in the Baltic. Sweden had from early medieval times exported iron and silver mined there, while Poland had and still has extensive salt mines. "Beyond the Military State: Sweden's Great Power Period in Recent Historiography". In recent years, very small, but with increasing rates, fin whales[60][61][62][63] and humpback whales migrate into Baltic sea including mother and calf pair. The Skagerrak, an eastward extension of the North Sea between Norway and Denmark, connects the North and Baltic seas via the Kattegat and the Danish straits. Kattegat, (Danish: “Cat’s Throat”) Swedish Kattegatt, strait forming part of the connection between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.The strait trends north-south between the Jutland (Jylland) peninsula and Sjælland (Zealand) island of Denmark (west and south) and Sweden (east); it connects through the Skagerrak (north) with the North Sea and through The Sound and the … [15] Denmark gradually gained control over most of the Baltic coast, until she lost much of her possessions after being defeated in the 1227 Battle of Bornhöved. It is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea and to the German Bight of the North Sea. [38] Drinking the surface water of the Baltic as a means of survival would actually hydrate the body instead of dehydrating, as is the case with ocean water. Between Esthonia and Courland is the Gulf of Riga, a shallow inlet of roughly circular form, about loo m. in diameter, and nowhere more than 27 fathoms deep. The White Sea Canal is an artificial waterway that connects the Baltic Sea to the White Sea, while the Kiel Canal connects the Baltic to the North Sea at the German Bight. The westernmost part of the Baltic Sea is the Bay of Kiel. The Baltic Sea is a relatively shallow sea in north-eastern Europe, surrounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of central and east Europe and the Danish islands. The Baltic Sea flows out through the Danish straits; however, the flow is complex. The Bothnian Sea, the basin south of Kvarken, freezes on average in late February. The deepest water stratum in the Skagerrak is certainly of oceanic origin; it has been found to suffer changes of long period, and it is probably not always composed of water derived from the same part or the same depth of the North Atlantic; this water is, as a rule, deficient in oxygen. The North Sea is more interesting if you are into nature, because of the tidelands, various wildlife and rougher weather. The Helsinki Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area includes the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat, without calling Kattegat a part of the Baltic Sea, "For the purposes of this Convention the 'Baltic Sea Area' shall be the Baltic Sea and the Entrance to the Baltic Sea, bounded by the parallel of the Skaw in the Skagerrak at 57°44.43'N. Drogden Sill (depth of 7 m (23 ft)) sets a limit to Øresund and Darss Sill (depth of 18 m (59 ft)), and a limit to the Belt Sea. Because of this large anaerobic zone, the seafloor ecology differs from that of the neighboring Atlantic. It is known that freshwater input to the Baltic Sea and the strength … It covers area of about 415 000 km 2 and its average depth is 55 m. In spring and summer the water from the Baltic is sufficiently abundant to inundate the whole surface of the Kattegat and Skagerrak, but in winter the sources of the Baltic current are for the most part dried up by the freezing of the land water. The seasonal changes in the distribution of the bank-waters in different parts of the coast are too complex to be briefly explained; their relations to the times of occurrence of various fisheries of the region present many remarkable features, which have been investigated in recent years by the Swedish Commission. The range of the tides is about one foot at Copenhagen; within the Baltic proper ordinary tides are scarcely perceptible. [12] Some Swedish historians believe the name derives from the god Baldr of Nordic mythology. In the last very heavy floods the average water levels reached 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) above sea level in 1904, 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) in 1913, 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) in January 1954, 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) on 2–4 November 1995 and 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) on 21 February 2002.[21]. However, tidal currents occur in narrow passages in the western parts of the Baltic Sea. In t… Yet another explanation is that the name originally meant "enclosed sea, bay" as opposed to open sea. The periphery amounts to about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) of coastline.[23]. Besides its two sea entrances, the Kiel Canal … It is connected with the North Sea by the Kattegat and Skagerrak. There is a decrease in species richness from the Danish belts to the Gulf of Bothnia. During winter, fast ice, which is attached to the shoreline, develops first, rendering ports unusable without the services of icebreakers. About 85 million people live in the Baltic drainage basin, 15 million within 10 km (6 mi) of the coast and 29 million within 50 km (31 mi) of the coast. Geographers widely agree that the preferred physical border of the Baltic is a line drawn through the southern Danish islands, Drogden-Sill and Langeland. About 17% of the basin is unused open land with another 8% of wetlands. Lübeck Lübeck is a picturesque city on Germany's north coast. The North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the English Channel. [16] Today, fishermen occasionally find some of these materials: the most recent available report from the Helsinki Commission notes that four small scale catches of chemical munitions representing approximately 105 kg (231 lb) of material were reported in 2005. Several Pleistocene glacial episodes scooped out the river bed into the sea basin. Among marine fishes are Atlantic cod, Atlantic herring, European hake, European plaice, European flounder, shorthorn sculpin and turbot, and examples of freshwater species include European perch, northern pike, whitefish and common roach. Some of these relicts are derived from glacial lakes, such as Monoporeia affinis, which is a main element in the benthic fauna of the low-salinity Bothnian Bay. The present contracting parties are Denmark, Estonia, the European Community, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Sweden. The narrowest part of Little Belt is the "Middelfart Sund" near Middelfart.[4]. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/bri/b/baltic-sea.html. 90% of these are concentrated in the 10 km (6 mi) band around the coast. The flow of freshwater into the sea from approximately two hundred rivers and the introduction of salt from the southwest builds up a gradient of salinity in the Baltic Sea. 1911 Encyclopedia Britanica. Neutral Sweden developed incident weapons to defend its territorial waters after the Swedish submarine incidents. The bank-water of 32 to 34 pro male salinity is found all along the continental coast of the North Sea and North Atlantic, and it may therefore enter the Skagerrak either from the North Sea or from the north along the coast of Norway. The Soviet Union gained another access to the Baltic with the Kaliningrad Oblast, that had been part of German-settled East Prussia. In the great basins and hollows from Rugen to the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland the upper layers of water, from 30 to 70 metres (16 to 38 fathoms) in thickness, have almost the same salinity throughout. The Caspian Sea is larger in water volume, but—despite its name—it is a lake rather than a sea. The part of it west of a line joining the Skaw with Christiania fjord receives the name of Skagerrak; the part east of this line is called the Kattegat. From that time the waters underwent a geologic history summarized under the names listed below. There are several cargo and passenger ferries that operate on the Baltic Sea, such as Scandlines, Silja Line, Polferries, the Viking Line, Tallink, and Superfast Ferries. and Ger. The Baltic Sea has virtually no tides, with no more than a few centimeters variation. Thomson, Erik. The ratification instruments were deposited by the European Community, Germany, Latvia and Sweden in 1994, by Estonia and Finland in 1995, by Denmark in 1996, by Lithuania in 1997, and by Poland and Russia in November 1999. This was brought about by a stagnant high-pressure area that lingered over central and northern Scandinavia from around 10 to 24 February. The water level is generally far more dependent on the regional wind situation than on tidal effects. On the other hand, tides mean that swimming is possible only during a few hours per day. Here the westerly winds have full play, and the coast is rimmed by a continuous line of dunes, which cut off the two great lagoons of the Frisches Haff and Kurisches Haff by sandspits or Nehrungen. Both appear to have evolved in the Baltic basin and were only recognized as species in 2005 and 2018 respectively, having formerly been confused with more widespread relatives. The White Sea–Baltic Canal (Russian: Беломо́рско-Балти́йский кана́л, Byelomorsko-Baltiyskiy kanal, BBK), often abbreviated to White Sea Canal (Belomorkanal) is a ship canal in Russia opened on Wednesday 2 August 1933. * Baltic Sea states' summit to open in Lithuania * Russia invites Poland to participate in Baltic NPP construction Baltic Sea States summit on Tuesday. There was much trading not just within the Baltic region but also with the North Sea region, especially eastern England and the Netherlands: their fleets needed the Baltic timber, tar, flax, and hemp. [18] This border status restricted trade and travel. Lindblad, Jan Thomas. That is the longest rover of Poland. The ice-covered area during such a typical winter includes the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, the archipelago west of Estonia, the Stockholm archipelago, and the Archipelago Sea southwest of Finland. It's an urban legend spread by Reddit. The Baltic is the youngest sea on earth, formed by glacial erosion during the last few ice ages only some 10,000-15,000 years ago. The land is still emerging isostatically from its depressed state, which was caused by the weight of ice during the last glaciation. It is a large port on the Baltic Sea, and has many ferry connections between North Germany and Scandanavia. More than 250 streams drain a basin of about 1,600,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi), contributing a volume of 660 km3 (160 cu mi) per year to the Baltic. The rating of mean discharges differs from the ranking of hydrological lengths (from the most distant source to the sea) and the rating of the nominal lengths. The coast of the Baltic is rocky only in the island-studded region at the head of the Baltic basin proper - a submerged lake-districtand the littoral generally is a typical morainic land, the work of the last great Baltic glacier. The real physical boundary between the North Sea and the Baltic is formed by the plateau on which the islands Zealand, Fiinen and Laaland are situated, and its prolongation from the islands Falster and Moen to the coasts of Mecklenburg and Riigen. In 2008, almost no ice formed except for a short period in March.[31]. [39] The difference between the bottom and surface salinities vary depending on location. The inflow to the deep basins is intermittent, probably with a long period of flux and reflux. Seasonal winds also cause small changes in sea level, of the order of 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) . 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