Aitken, Thomas. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-Gallatin, Federal Reserve History - Biography of Albert Gallatin, The First Amendment Encyclopedia - Biography of Albert Gallatin, U.S Department of the Treasury - Biography of Albert Gallatin, History Central - Biography of Albert Gallatin, Albert Gallatin - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He held the office longer than any other person in U.S. history, and he became one of the most influential men of the early American republic. But his training and talents were unusual on the frontier, and he quickly became a political leader. Biographer Nicholas Dungan states he was: "America's Swiss Founding Father." After a winter as a merchant in Maine, and a brief time with the colonial militia, Gallatin tutored in French in Boston in 1781. . An ardent advocate of education and foe of illiteracy, as governor of Mississippi in 1844-48, he was largely responsible for the creation of a public school system in Mississippi and… US Congressman, Presidential Cabinet Secretary. Hamilton was proud of that system. He asserted that canals should be built to join the Mississippi River valley to the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. Gallatin made his political debut in September 1788 as a delegate from Fayette County to an anti-Federalist convention in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Albert Gallatin RC ( DLC ); undated; endorsed by TJ as received from the Treasury Department on 13 Apr. His greatest contribution came in the field of public finance. he brought down the countries debt the most then any other secretary He advocated a system of public education, but also displayed his lifelong interest in financial matters, supporting bills to abolish paper money, pay the public debt in specie, and establish a bank of Pennsylvania to help support business endeavors. Shaping of America, 1783-1815 Reference Library. Gallatin was the first secretary of the treasury to submit an annual treasury report to Congress under a law he helped pass that same year. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gallatin-albert. Pennsylvania Historical and MuseumCommission.http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/gallatin/page1.asp?secid=31 (accessed on August 13, 2005). Why is Marbury v. Madison an important decision in U.S. history? The purchase instantly doubled the size of the United States. In 1826, Gallatin accepted a one-year appointment from President John Quincy Adams and served as the American ambassador to Great Britain, returning from London in 1827. He was also instrumental in obtaining a charter (government authorization) for the Bank of Pennsylvania which was created to help manage state finances. After the Revolution, Gallatin moved to the frontier area of western Pennsylvania, settling along the Monongahela River. He accomplished many things in his lifetime but may be most known for serving the longest term, fourteen years, as United States Secretary Treasury. He married Hannah Nicholson in 1793, and they had two sons and three daughters. Why are they doing construction at N. Water/Dobbins Pike/Albert Gallatin? His fellow Jeffersonians often argued that the less government the better. Young Albert became orphaned at the age of nine and was sent to live with a distant relative, Catherine Picket. After signing the treaty, Gallatin traveled to Geneva to visit his native land after a thirty-five year absence, and he remained in Europe throughout 1815 in order to assist U.S. minister to England John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) and Speaker of the House Henry Clay (1777–1852; see entry in volume 1) in negotiating a new trade agreement with Great Britain. While in Congress, he established a standing committee on finance that later became the House Ways and Means Committee. This committee is very important and powerful because it also supervises a number of entitlement (guaranteed benefits to citizens) programs. Albert Gallatin’s thought about the idea of Manifest Destiny was: US should be superior.. . Kuppenheimer, L. B., Albert Gallatin's vision of democratic stability: an interpretive profile, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996. Gallatin laid the foundation for sound governmental fiscal (economic) policies that would guide the young nation for years to come. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. A test for the new U.S. government, it was a triumph for national authority over its first rebellious adversary, winning the support of state governments in enforcing federal law. Nevertheless, in 1795 Gallatin returned to Congress as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. THOMAS JEFFERSON was inaugurated third president of the United States on 4 March 1801 in the infant capital on t…, James Madison Evidence suggests that his anti-Federa… He insisted upon a continuity of sound governmental fiscal policies when the Republican (Jeffersonian) Party assumed national political power, and he was instrumental in negotiating an end to the War of 1812. He represented Pennsylvania in the Senate and the House of Representativesbefore becoming the longest-te… Albert Gallatin: Fiscal Theories and Policies. His A Sketch of the Finances of the United States (1796), a moderate, detailed analysis of the Federalist financial program, argued that a public debt was a public curse. Robert Morris was born in Liverpool, England. The positive public reaction to the publication encouraged Gallatin to take a leading role in the creation of the American Ethnological Society in 1842. . In 1831, at the age of seventy, Gallatin became president of the new National Bank of New York, and in that position, he continued to advocate the nation's financial integrity. "Albert Gallatin Originally, it held power over both taxes and spending. All bills proposing to raise revenue must originate in the House and go through the Committee on Ways and Means. For 6 years Gallatin's policies worked. Gallatin's opinions were highly respected on a national level and his last pamphlet, Suggestions on the Banks and Currency of the Several United States, was well received. However, the War of 1812 with England again forced the nation to raise taxes and increase government borrowing. Pennsylvania. On January 3, 1860 Albert Gallatin Brown, Senator from Mississippi took to the floor of the Senate. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Since its founding in 1831, NYU has been an innovator in higher education, reaching out to an emerging middle class, embracing an urban identity and professional focus, and promoting a global vision that informs its 19 schools and colleges. assumed a major role in promoting the exploration and settlement of the western frontier. He brought his new bride, Sophie Allegre, to their wilderness home, but she died that fall after only a few months of marriage. Encyclopedia of World Biography. This less organized program managed to link much of the United States together by 1860. Gallatin insisted that the Treasury Department should be held accountable to Congress by submitting an annual report. Despite Federalist opposition, Gallatin succeeded in establishing a standing committee on finance (today the House Ways and Means Committee) to centralize legislative efforts to control the nation’s finances. "Gallatin, Albert (1761-1849) As the third secretary of the treasury, Albert Gallatin faced many obstacles. At the age of eighty-seven, Gallatin experienced health problems and became bedridden. He also helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812 (1812–15). Although few people in his party supported the renewal of the national bank, he insisted that this institution, which had both public and private investors, could help stabilize the economy without harming the people of the United States. A: Because Gallatin is the least understood of the half dozen men who set the American government into motion. Adams, Henry. "Gallatin, Albert (1761-1849) In the tedious discussions that followed, Gallatin played the leading role, preserving peace among his colleagues and establishing an enviable reputation as a diplomat. He hoped to connect all Americans to the market system while maintaining a national unity that would overcome local and sectional disputes. Gallatin.". In 1786 Gallatin bought a 400-acre farm in western Pennsylvania and devoted himself to farming and land development. Gallatin earned a reputation as an expert in the area of public finance, and he was considered an able spokesman for the small farms and businesses he represented. When Albert turned thirteen, he entered the Academy of Geneva, where he received an excellent education. Gallatin and a friend arrived in Boston, Massachusetts, in July 1780 with a shipment of tea they hoped would produce a large profit for them. Treasury Secretary. However, when Gallatin took his Senate seat, the Federalists challenged his eligibility, based on the fact that he had not applied for citizenship early enough to meet technical citizenship requirements. President Madison granted Gallatin leave from the Treasury to join John Quincy Adams and James A. Bayard in exploring Russia's offer to mediate in the war. Gallatin spent his remaining years as a diplomat, banker, and ethnologist. Meanwhile, Gallatin had been elected to Congress again. Gallatin’s vision included a nationwide transportation program, which he proposed to Congress in 1808, that was to be partially funded by the federal government. With Britain agreeing to talk, Gallatin resigned his secretary's position in February 1814 to lead the negotiations for the United States with Britain. Adams, not much given to praise, rated him as the leading negotiator on both sides. He sold Friendship Hill to a Frenchman whom he had met in Paris. Why The Whiskey Rebellion Was Important Sources The Whiskey Rebellion was a 1794 uprising of farmers and distillers in western Pennsylvania … Jefferson's Cabinet, Gallatin continued to serve as secretary of the treasury under President Madison. In the early American period, it was a common means of gaining wealth. Orphaned at the age of 9, Gallatin grew up in the home of a relative. . After acquiring an education, Gallatin left for North America in the spring of 1780 and ended up in Pennsylvania, where he entered politics in 1788 as an Anti-Federalist (one who objected to certain features of the new Constitution). By 1789, Gallatin had completed the rustic mansion which he called Friendship Hill. Albert Gallatin was born in Geneva, Switzerland, on Jan. 29, 1761. His wife Hannah died in May 1849, and the shock of his wife's death weakened Gallatin even further. But he most important function still remains the delivery of meals to homes, and the personal interaction it affords seniors. He was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature in 1790 and reelected the next 2 years. He advocated economic diversity by insisting on federal support for agriculture, trade, and industry. (December 21, 2020). Gallatin recommended that the First Bank of the United States be rechartered. He was not successful as a pioneer or a land speculator, although he became deeply identified with the interests of western settlers as he began a career in politics. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. After serving briefly as minister to Great Britain (1826–27), he retired from public life and became president of the National (later the Gallatin) Bank in New York City (1831–39). Although he criticized high tariffs and advocated free trade, he affirmed Congress's right to levy protective tariffs. B. Lippincott, 1879. Gallatin remains an important part of U.S. history because of his work as a public official and his vision for the future of the American economy. INAUGURATION day, 4 March 1817, was one of those rare late winter days in Washington with more than a hint of spring—sunny a…, Thomas Jefferson New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1958. Gallatin did not support the tax, but he spoke out in favor of the need for it at various public gatherings. move his family to Baltimore, Maryland. Refusing to deal through Russia, Great Britain expressed its willingness to proceed with direct negotiations, and commissioners from the two countries finally met at Ghent in August 1814. He also sought to fund internal improvements to open up the western territories, including plans for $20 million worth of canals and roads connecting eastern rivers with the Mississippi. He served as American minister to France (1816-1823). Because he had supported them in the past, the crowd listened to Gallatin’s pleas for moderation, and he helped minimize the military conflict that followed. Shortly after he returned in 1823 Gallatin was chosen to run as William Crawford’s vice president in the 1824 election. Shaping of America, 1783-1815 Reference Library. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Gallatin died in 1849 in Astoria, New York. Steven Terner Mnuchin was sworn in as the 77th Secretary of the Treasury on February 13, 2017. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. Albert Gallatin was born on 12 January 1761 in the Swiss city of Geneva. Gallatin's political career continued. New York: Macmillan, 1957. In 1839, Gallatin stepped down as president of the National Bank, but he continued his writings well into his eighties. As secretary of the Treasury, Gallatin stressed simplicity in government and termination of the public debt. Encyclopedia of World Biography. ." In November 1793, Gallatin married Hannah Nicholson, a New York socialite, and returned home to Friendship Hill. Need for Federal Programs . It is located about 30.6 miles northeast of the state capital of Nashville, Tennessee. Settling in New York, Gallatin served as president of the National Bank from 1831 until his retirement in 1839. Gallatin, by contrast, realized that in order for the U.S. economy to expand in a way that benefited the most people, some federal programs were necessary. Gallatin went on to help establish New York University and serve as president of the New-York Historical Society. ." Visionary . Albert Gallatin is regarded as one of the most influential treasury secretaries in American history. His father, also called Rob…, Hamilton, Alexander Albert Gallatin, in full Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin, (born Jan. 29, 1761, Geneva, Switz.—died Aug. 12, 1849, Astoria, N.Y., U.S.), fourth U.S. secretary of the Treasury (1801–14). He took an oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1785. Returning home in 1823, the Gallatins settled on the family estate at Friendship Hill. Distraught, Gallatin considered returning to Geneva. and “Missouri” and so recorded in SJL . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). During the summer of 1794, he urged all citizens to peacefully submit to the tax in order to restore law and order in the state. Peace was signed in the Treaty of Ghent (December 24). Gallatin also remained active in a variety of intellectual and charitable activities throughout his life. Encyclopedia of World Biography. The sites below are just a sampling of what is available: Archiving Early America: The Whiskey Rebellion http://www.earlyamerica.com/milestone-events/whiskey-rebellion/ "The Whiskey Rebellion," in The History of Bedford and Somerset Counties, by E. Howard Blackburn and William H. Welfley. Gallatin set out to survey and register their holdings in April 1784. He also kept an interest in foreign affairs. An open rebellion was growing against the federal excise tax that Congress had imposed on distilled spirits. Gallatin County was created on September 14, 1812. New York, Lewis Pu… Savary agreed to join the enterprise on the condition that Gallatin supervise the project. The resulting Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814. Harry Ammon quarters rect. He served from 1795 until 1801, becoming the leader of the Democratic-Republican minority in 1797. Democratic Heritage . Listed in the tables below are the 102 NHLs outside Philadelphia. In 1783 Gallatin and a Frenchman planned to purchase western land and located an area in Virginia. Gallatin pushed for a level of equality of opportunity and a public land policy where the government helped all citizens, not just an elite group of merchants and speculators. Encyclopedia.com. RC (DLC); undated; addressed: “The President”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 26 Oct. received from the Treasury Department on the same day and “paimt of interest at Paris. "Committee on Ways and Means, History." Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/albert-gallatin. 21 Dec. 2020 . However, Crawford fell ill and Gallatin decided it was time to retire and We understand that this is a difficult time and that some individuals may need additional support during this period. “Drivers are making sure people are OK and not food insecure,” Dunham said. He headed northward to Machias, Maine, where he hoped to sell his supplies to the local Native Americans, farmers, and soldiers stationed there. Before the war was over Gallatin resigned as secretary of the treasury and went to Europe as an American diplomat. They elected him to the U.S. House of Representatives that fall. He became the Society's first president and published several more papers. Albert Gallatin and James Madison worked to reestablish a legislative finance committee to monitor government taxes and spending. 3d. Why is Albert Gallatin important to US history? Gallatin supported and secured the financing for the Louisiana Purchase and called for some federal support for improving roads into western lands and opening up the means for getting produce to markets. The Whiskey Rebellion resulted in the formation of a militia that attacked public offices in Pittsburgh as well as any government agents sent to collect the tax from local farmers. C- Albert Gallatin convinced Jefferson to sign the Alien & Sedition Act. Gallatin's public career ended with his final report relating to the Maine boundary dispute. But after 1807 the Embargo Act and other American efforts at peaceful coercion to avoid involvement in the Napoleonic Wars wrecked his policies. Encyclopedia.com. He resigned in the wake of intense Federalist opposition to the war and the financial policies needed to support it. In 1789 Gallatin had married Sophia Allegre, who died 5 months later. For the short time he was in Maine, he had a bartering venture dealing with a variety of goods and supplies and commanded a garrison. Gallatin County, Illinois Gallatin County Education, Geography, and History. Gallatin pushed for roads and canals connecting the East to the newly settled West. (December 21, 2020). The lack of a national bank made it difficult to raise the necessary loans and left the United States in a weak financial position. In 1788 he was elected as a delegate to a meeting to propose amendments to the new U.S. Constitution. Also in 1831, Gallatin published Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United States. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/gallatin-albert-1761-1849. Despite the rising number of COVID-19 cases, Albert Gallatin Human Services Agency is still helping seniors stay in touch by sending cards, giving people puzzles to … Gallatin also built a glass factory in 1796, the first factory of its kind west of the Appalachian Mountains. He opposed the annexation of Texas, and he considered the Mexican American War (1846–48) an act of aggression by the United States. His efforts were complicated by high military expenditures and the purchase of the Louisiana territory in 1803. Gallatin helped finance the Louisiana Purchase while still managing to reduce the national debt. Adams, Henry, Albert Gallatin, New York: Chelsea House, 1983. He pushed for prison reforms and was an advocate for a public education system. . Alexander I (1777–1825), the Russian tsar (national leader), had offered to help the discussions get started. Appointed by the new president, Thomas Jefferson, in 1801, he needed to ensure that the economy flourished while following the dictates of his party, which insisted on less control by the federal government and the country’s financial elite. There are many websites available for the Whiskey Rebellion. . In 1811 Congress refused to recharter the Bank of the United States, despite Gallatin’s objections, further undermining the currency. His opponents claimed Gallatin had not been an American citizen for the nine years required by the Constitution. Corrections? In 1793 he was elected to the U.S. Senate as a Republican. (December 21, 2020). "History of the Treasury: Secretaries of the Treasury—Albert Gallatin." Albert Gallatin was the fourth U.S. secretary of the treasury, serving from 1801 until 1814. ." "The ground which I occupied in that body [Congress] is well known, and I need not dwell on the share I took in all the important debates and on the great questions which during that period agitated the public mind....". Gallatin returned to the United States in 1815, only to have President Madison persuade him to return to Europe as America's ambassador to France. As Secretary, Mr. Mnuchin is responsible for the U.S. Treasury, whose mission is to maintain a strong economy, foster economic growth, and create job opportunities by promoting the conditions that enable prosperity at home and abroad. U.S. secretary of the treasury, congressman, diplomat. . D- He instituted an increased police presence to enforce the Sedition Acts. Once in America, Gallatin took little part in the conflict, instead attempting to set up a trading business. However, the turmoil caused by the growing French Revolution in his native city and his heavy investments in frontier real estate kept Gallatin in America. The House first created a Committee on Ways and Means on July 24, 1789, during its opening session, but it was disbanded after only two months. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/gallatin-albert-1761-1849, "Gallatin, Albert (1761-1849) American Eras. Walters, Raymond, Jr. Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat. Because the Charter of the First Bank of the United States was not renewed, Gallatin had various problems funding the War of 1812. The U.S. House of Representatives is the larger of two houses composing the U.S. Congress. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. That will become a three … American Eras. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Albert Gallatin, by Rembrandt Peale, from life, 1805. He opposed the Federalists' warlike measures against France and, when the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) to silence domestic political opposition, he resisted with powerful arguments defending basic civil liberties. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In his last years Gallatin was prominent in cultural affairs. Nominated for vice president on the Republican ticket headed by William H. Crawford, he withdrew when Crawford's manager attempted to substitute Henry Clay as the vice-presidential candidate. The couple would have two sons and four daughters. Gallatin plunged into business and public life after emigrating to the New World at age 19. He therefore put the nation’s finances in the best order he could and set himself to attain an early peace. The following year, in 1824, Gallatin agreed to run as the vice presidential candidate on the Democratic-Republican ticket with the current secretary of the treasury, William H. Crawford (1772–1834). Because his candidacy created so much controversy, he dropped out of the race. When Great Britain rejected this offer, Madison appointed Gallatin to the commission to negotiate directly with Britain. ." When Jefferson won the presidential election in 1801, he appointed Gallatin secretary of the treasury, a position he held for the next thirteen years. The county seat is Shawneetown. ." Later Career . What will they do at the intersection of Blythe/Old 109 North? Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Gallatin was able to convince Congress to raise customs duties to help finance the war. ." Because the debt had grown since 1790, he proposed several new measures. 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